Sunday, January 2, 2022

Unlocking utility is key for fashion brands launching NFTs in 2022

2021 may have been the year for fashion NFTs, but 2022 will require brands to launch NFTs with utility behind them to move the idea forward.

Nonfungible tokens, or NFTs, have become one of the most discussed markets in the crypto space this year. A recent report from Cointelegraph Research found that NFT sales are aiming for a $17.7 billion record by the end of 2021. 

This may very well be the case, as a number of mainstream brands have begun launching NFTs. According to recent research from Bain & Company and the online luxury fashion platform Farfetch, digital interactions with consumers are becoming increasingly important for brands. The report specifically states that “digital interaction with peers is on the rise when choosing to purchase a product.” As such, nonfungible tokens tied directly to brands and their consumers are now more important than ever before.

Understanding what utility means for fashion NFTs

While it’s notable that mainstream labels like Adidas, Dolce & Gabbana and others have already released NFTs, the utility behind nonfungible tokens is proving to be the real key to a fashion brand’s success. Karinna Grant, co-chief executive officer of The Dematerialised, a digital fashion marketplace, told Cointelegraph that utilities are what give nonfungible tokens purpose and value:

“Just as in real-life, where a physical card can scan you access into a club, a utility can be anything from using the NFT as a membership pass to the ability to wear an asset in a game, or incorporating a sustainability or social responsibility benefit for purchasers of the NFT.”

Grant noted that The Dematerialised has experimented with multiple forms of utility with each of the fashion NFT drips the platform has launched. She explained that previous releases have included utilities like wearing or playing with a 3D asset in augmented reality, or unlocking access to brand communities. “With Rebecca Minkoff’s sold-out NFT collection in September, the highest tier of NFTs unlocked VIP access to brand experiences for a year." She added: "Karl Lagerfeld’s "x Endless" collection provided an opportunity for owners of Karl collectibles, an IRL and URL ticket to a brand event in Paris in 2022, which will feature another launch where only Karl holders will be invited to take part.”

It’s become clear that fashion NFTs must offer some type of consumer engagement, allowing brands to interact with individuals in both the physical and the digital worlds. Avery Akkineni, president of VaynerNFT — an NFT consultancy agency — told Cointelegraph that while the utility of some NFTs can simply be for the sake of art, brands launching NFTs require deeper functionality built upon an existing community.

For example, Akkineni shared that VaynerNFT recently helped the global fashion house, Coach, launch its first NFT collection, which featured eight Coach Holiday animals from the brands' Snow City digital game. Akkineni added that the NFT launch was also in celebration of Coach’s 80th birthday, which resulted in the creation of 80 unique digital art pieces featuring the eight Coach holiday animals.

"Bella the Penguin" from the Coach NFT collection. Source: VaynerNFT

Akkineni explained that each digital Coach NFT also grants the right for the initial holders to receive one complimentary made-to-order physical rogue bag in 2022. “Something that Coach wanted to do was to explore this new world of NFTs, but wanted to in a way that wouldn’t commercialize their IP or ask consumers to pay for anything,” she said. To efficiently engage with the Coach community, Akkineni mentioned that the Coach NFTs were given away for free during Dec. 17–24 this year:

“The Coach NFTs were claimable on the Polygon blockchain. Coach made sure not to commercialize too early and to learn about the space to gauge demand to see if their audience was interested in NFTs.”

Fashion NFTs must also function in the Metaverse

The fact that brands must now interact with consumers both virtually and in real-life has also added an extra layer of technical utility to NFTs. As Bain & Company’s latest luxury goods report states, “new keywords and phrases — such as metaverse, personalization at scale, and tech stack — will come to the fore as the industry grows and evolves.”

As such, some companies have started to explore NFTs in the Metaverse. For example, Pet Krewe — a pet apparel e-commerce company — recently opened a digital commercial space in the Metaverse community known as “ShibaVerse.” Allison Albert, founder and chief executive officer of Pet Krewe, told Cointelegraph that the company is promoting its brand by featuring its NFT pet clothing in a Metaverse containing balloon dogs called “Shibaloons.”

Source: Pet Krewe

According to Albert, Pet Krewe's NFTs will be worn as unique designs that fit the Shibaloons. While Albert pointed out that these costumes can be held and swapped out on different Shibaloon dogs within ShibaVerse, Pet Krewe is using this digital commercial space as another form of brand engagement or marketing. “We can connect with dog-loving customers in a dog-centric Metaverse. This is reaching our customer base in an entirely different marketing element.”

The 18-year-old fashion label Mishka has also entered the NFT space with its famous eyeball logo. The collection of 6,696 NFTs is known as "The Keep Watch Crew,” or “KWC” for short. Greg Mishka, founder of Mishka NFT and the Keep Watch Crew, told Cointelegraph that Keep Watch is the most iconic and well-known branding element of Mishka, for both fans and the streetwear and fashion community.

Andy Milonakis KWC NFT. Source: Mishka

Given the label’s strong user base, Mishka explained that the KWC NFTs are the next chapter for the brand. “The KWC is your ticket into what we like to call the MISHKAVERSE. Immediate utilities include lifetime discounts and exclusive merchandise,” he explained. Mishka added that the label is working on integrating Web3 elements to their website. “This would allow for consumers to verify the NFTs they own in order to access exclusive pages and drops via the website.”

Should fashion NFTs still be tied to physical items?

While the utility of fashion NFTs extends beyond simply offering digital items connected to physical goods, some in the industry believe that this is still one of the most important functions. For instance, Grant noted that connecting physical items to digital NFTs is a critical part of the adoption process for nonfungible tokens of all categories. She elaborated:

“We have a very interesting split perspective with our current community, with half asking for more physicals and half asking more digital-only. However, when we survey outside of our current community the figure is much higher. This makes sense as first-time or new NFT owners tend to still hold more traditional beliefs that physical products are more "valuable" than digital ones.”

Echoing Grant, Mishka commented that it’s important to have physical items that can be claimed or achieved by acquiring something in the Metaverse since most consumers still live in the “real world.”

This is why it shouldn’t come as a surprise that a mainstream fashion label like Coach gifted NFT holders with physical made-to-order rogue bags. Interestingly enough though, Akkineni mentioned that sometimes NFT holders don’t redeem their physical items, which has proven to be the case for other drops associated with consumer-facing brands. “VaynerNFT did a collaboration called "Anwar Carrots x Veefriends," which was a collection sold at Nordstrom and made available to all "Self-Aware Hare" NFT holders. It was only after some reminders that the holders did claim the physical items,” she commented.

Fashion NFTs will be a trend

The rise of NFTs in 2021 has demonstrated growth moving forward for major brands. While companies like Nike have already taken steps to enter the Metaverse, more labels will follow suit. This has become the case as the world moves toward digital business models, which have also been promoted by the rise of COVID-19. For instance, Albert explained that Pet Krewe is still unsure of how COVID-19 is going to play out in 2022, noting that current supply chains are still being disrupted:

“We need to hedge our bets on alternative revenue streams. Entering into a metaverse that aligns with our own company values means that we can add additional revenue streams through art NFTs and digital wearables.”

Grant further remarked that The Dematerialised is excited for “behavior-changing launches,” which include using NFTs to disrupt physical production methods. However, it’s important to point out that brands will face challenges along the way.

According to Grant, fashion labels will encounter three main obstacles, with the first being a shift in thinking when it comes to the value of Web3 and digital ownership. Secondly, Grant explained that understanding the purpose and narrative of an NFT launch is important: “We support launches that are part of long term strategic commitments to Web3, not a marketing gimmick to briefly drive revenue."

Finally, Grant pointed out that it will be challenging for major brands to ensure a 3D asset design pipeline in house. Yet Grant remains optimistic that these challenges will be resolved: “Mainstream adoption will come as more major fashion brands, influencers and creators get involved.”



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Top 5 cryptocurrencies to watch this week: BTC, LUNA, FTM, ATOM, ONE

LUNA, FTM, ATOM, and ONE could rally if Bitcoin rises above the 50-day SMA.

Bitcoin (BTC) continues to languish below the psychological level at $50,000 in the first few days of the New Year, indicating a lack of aggressive buying by traders. Former BTCC CEO Bobby Lee said the exodus of the Chinese traders who had until Dec. 31 to exit Chinese exchanges may have kept prices lower into the year-end.

However, President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador, the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, believes that Bitcoin could rally to $100,000 this year. President Bukele also said that two more countries will accept Bitcoin as legal tender in 2022.

Crypto market data daily view. Source: Coin360

The increased crypto adoption by institutional investors in 2021 is another long-term positive. According to CoinShares, net inflows into crypto funds in 2021 were more than $9.3 billion. A majority of over two-thirds of the crypto inflows were into Bitcoin.

Could Bitcoin start a new up-move in January pulling select altcoins higher? Let’s study the charts of the top-5 cryptocurrencies that may remain positive in the short term.

BTC/USDT

Bitcoin has been trading between the 20-day exponential moving average ($48,720) and the strong support at $45,456 for the past few days. This suggests that buying dries up at higher levels.

BTC/USDT daily chart. Source: TradingView

Both moving averages are turning down and the relative strength index (RSI) is in the negative zone, indicating that bears have the upper hand. If the price turns down from the 20-day EMA, the bears will try to sink the price below $45,456. If they manage to do that, the next leg of the downtrend to $42,000 and then to $40,000 could begin.

Contrary to this assumption, if the price breaks above the 20-day EMA, the BTC/USDT pair could rise to the 50-day simple moving average ($52,332). A break and close above this level could signal the start of a new up-move that could reach the 61.8% Fibonacci retracement level at $58,686.

BTC/USDT 4-hour chart. Source: TradingView

The 4-hour chart shows that the pair is range-bound between $45,456 and $51,936.33. The price has rebounded off $45,456 and if bulls push the pair above the 50-SMA, it will suggest accumulation at lower levels. That could drive the price toward $51,936.33.

Conversely, if the price turns down from the 50-SMA, the bears will make one more attempt to pull the pair below $45,456. If they succeed, the pair could resume the downtrend with the next target objective at $38,975.67.

LUNA/USDT

Terra’s LUNA token is attempting to resume its uptrend but the bears have other plans, drawing a line near $93.81.

LUNA/USDT daily chart. Source: TradingView

The upsloping moving averages and the RSI in the positive territory suggest a slight edge to the buyers. If the price once again rebounds off the 20-day EMA ($82), it will indicate that bulls continue to accumulate on dips.

The LUNA/USDT pair will then try to break above $93.81 and challenge the all-time high at $103.60. A break and close above this resistance could start the next leg of the uptrend to $135.26.

Conversely, if the price turns down and breaks below the 20-day EMA, it will signal a change in the short-term trend. The pair could then drop to $65.15.

LUNA/USDT 4-hour chart. Source: TradingView

The bounce off $81.11 is facing selling in the zone between the 50% Fibonacci retracement at $92.35 and the 61.8% retracement level at $95.01. The bears will now try to pull the price below the 20-EMA and the uptrend line.

If they do that, the pair could drop to $84 and then to $81.11. A break and close below this support could signal that bears are back in the game.

On the contrary, if the price rebounds off the current level or the uptrend line, the buyers will try to drive the pair above $95.01 and retest the overhead resistance at $103.60.

FTM/USDT

Fantom (FTM) has turned down from the overhead resistance at $2.67, which suggests that bears are defending this level with vigor.

FTM/USDT daily chart. Source: TradingView

The FTM/USDT pair could drop to the 20-day EMA which could act as a strong support. A sharp rebound off this support will suggest that buyers are accumulating on dips.

The rising 20-day EMA ($2.03) and the RSI above 68 suggest that the path of least resistance is to the upside.

A break and close above $2.67 will suggest that bulls are back in the game. The pair could then start its northward march toward $3.17 and then to $3.48. The bears will have to pull and sustain the price below $2 to invalidate the bullish sentiment.

FTM/USDT 4-hour chart. Source: TradingView

The 4-hour chart shows a rounding bottom formation, which will complete on a break and close above the overhead resistance at $2.67. If the price rebounds off the 20-EMA, the bulls will again try to overcome the barrier at $2.67. If that happens, the up-move could begin.

Conversely, if the price breaks below the 20-EMA, it will suggest that the short-term bullish momentum could be weakening. The pair could then drop to the 50-SMA and later to the strong support at $2.

Related: Three reasons why PlanB’s stock-to-flow model is not reliable

ATOM/USDT

Cosmos (ATOM) broke and closed above the overhead resistance at $34 on Jan. 1. The moving averages have completed a bullish crossover, indicating that bulls have the upper hand.

ATOM/USDT daily chart. Source: TradingView

If the price sustains above $34, the bullish momentum could pick up further and the ATOM/USDT pair could rise to $38 and later to $43.28. The moving averages have completed a bullish crossover and the RSI is in the positive zone, indicating that bulls are in control.

Contrary to this assumption, if the price breaks and closes below $34, it will suggest that bears are attempting to trap the aggressive bulls. The pair could then drop to the 20-day EMA ($28).

If the price rebounds off this level, the bulls will make one more attempt to clear the overhead hurdle but if the pair breaks below the moving averages, the decline could extend to $25.

ATOM/USDT 4-hour chart. Source: TradingView

Both moving averages are sloping up and the RSI is in the positive territory, suggesting that bulls have the upper hand. If the price rebounds off the 20-EMA, it will signal that sentiment remains positive and traders are buying on dips.

The up-move could resume on a break and close above $37. Conversely, if bears pull the price below the 20-EMA, it may lead to profit-booking from short-term traders. That may pull the price down to the 50-SMA.

ONE/USDT

Harmony (ONE) has reached the downtrend line where the bears are likely to mount a stiff resistance. If the price turns down from the current level, the altcoin could dip to the 20-day EMA ($0.24).

ONE/USDT daily chart. Source: TradingView

If the price rebounds off the 20-day EMA, it will suggest that the sentiment remains bullish and traders are accumulating on dips. The bulls will then again attempt to push the price above the downtrend line.

If they succeed, it will suggest the start of a new up-move. The first target on the upside is $0.34 and a break above it could result in a retest at $0.38. This positive view will invalidate if the price turns down and breaks below $0.21.

ONE/USDT 4-hour chart. Source: TradingView

The 4-hour chart shows the formation of a cup-and-handle pattern, which will complete on a break and close above $0.29. This reversal setup has a pattern target at $0.38. It is unlikely to be a straight dash to the target objective because bears are likely to mount a strong resistance at $0.34.

Conversely, if the price turns down from the current level, it could drop to the moving averages. If this support cracks, the ONE/USDT pair could decline to $0.21. A bounce off this support could keep the pair range-bound between $0.21 and $0.27 for some time.

The views and opinions expressed here are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cointelegraph. Every investment and trading move involves risk, you should conduct your own research when making a decision.



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What’s ahead for crypto and blockchain in 2022? Experts Answer, Part 2

Here’s what industry insiders foresee in the development of the blockchain and crypto space in 2022.

Simon Peters of eToro

Simon is a crypto analyst at eToro, the world’s leading social trading platform, which offers both investing in stocks and cryptocurrencies.

“While we could potentially see a bear market in 2022, with more countries considering making Bitcoin legal tender, the emergence of CBDCs, and the wider use of stablecoins by households and businesses, the crypto landscape has much more to offer. As the next iteration of the internet comes into effect (Web3 and the Metaverse), we will naturally see greater capital and user inflows to this space. With NFTs specifically, we could see the tokenization of real-world assets, represented and traded on blockchains.”

These quotes have been edited and condensed.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

Sameep Singhania of QuickSwap

Sameep is the founder of QuickSwap, a decentralized exchange on Polygon that allows users to swap, earn, stack yields, lend, borrow and leverage, all on one decentralized, community-driven platform.

“Well, I don’t have a crystal ball, so I try not to make too many predictions, but now that UniSwap has decided to launch its version 3.0 on Polygon in early 2022, major institutions are coming as well. I can’t really say much more about which ones yet, but let’s just say I expect 2022 to be another blockbuster year.”

Martha Reyes of Bequant

Martha is the head of research at Bequant, a digital asset exchange and prime broker.

“Greater adoption, movement in regulation and new applications for blockchain, including NFTs. Crypto adoption will continue to increase, particularly in the institutional space. More regulatory clarity will also impact the speed of this adoption.

In 2022, we may see federal regulation from the U.S. If this happens, we should expect more countries to follow suit. We are already seeing countries such as India bringing in regulation as the United States’s position changes. This may not necessarily be the light touch regulation that some in the industry would prefer, but any clarity is helpful for the community and encourages other jurisdictions to be friendlier to crypto investors.

2021 was undoubtedly the year of NFT art, but expect this to grow in the music and particularly the gaming space, as well as supply chains and logistics. GameFi and gaming investments have ramped up in recent months, and the popularity and success of these appears to be growing rapidly. Expect this to increase as more established studios and brands get involved and integrate NFTs into established series in the coming years.”

Jonathan Schemoul of Aleph.im

Jonathan is the CEO at Aleph.im, an open-source, cross-blockchain decentralized storage and computing network. 

“With the mainstream growth that we’ve already seen in 2021 and large corporations like Facebook, Adidas and Nike coming into the space, it is likely that more major corporations will be joining in the new year as well. While 2021 was all about expansion, 2022 will be about refining the technology we have and increasing cross-chain compatibility. For us, we look forward to working with other blockchains that we haven’t had the chance to work with for indexing, cloud computing and more.”

Jason Allegrante of Fireblocks

Jason is the head regulatory counsel and global chief compliance officer at Fireblocks, a digital asset custody, transfer and settlement platform.

“In the next 12 months, I believe one or more significant tech companies (e.g., Tesla, Google, AirBnB, etc.) will announce plans to invest their own capital in crypto solutions supported by one of the major custodians.”

Hatu Sheikh of DAO Maker

Hatu is the co-founder and chief security officer of DAO Maker, which creates growth technologies and funding frameworks for startups while simultaneously reducing risks for investors.

“Today, cryptocurrencies have turned popular as investable assets for all. Their position as a store of value is barely questionable. However, with crypto trying to revamp the global financial system, we need to account for the ‘medium of exchange’ aspect of crypto. I believe 2022 will be the year that crypto will be used by retail users to securely invest and transact.

DeFi will be the must-watch space for 2022 as the building of Web3 and adoption of DeFi is rapidly progressing. Lending protocols and NFT marketplaces will also see a huge influx of audience and growth.

I believe more institutions will embrace crypto and blockchain tech in their conventional operations. 2022 will be the year when institutional adoption will really thrive and push the crypto market to newer heights.

Some countries might also see regulations imposed on crypto and DeFi, like restricted access, taxes and so on. A few countries may also follow the steps of El Salvador in recognizing cryptocurrencies as legal tender. Sustainable growth is what the crypto community must aim for as the innate volatility of crypto makes it difficult for governmental adoption. Hence, sustainability is key.”

Daniela Barbosa of Hyperledger Foundation

Daniela is the executive director of Hyperledger Foundation and general manager of blockchain, healthcare and identity at the Linux Foundation.

“2022 will again be a fascinating year for enterprise blockchain. The companies that were first to adopt the technology are starting to reap real benefits, and whole industries will move aggressively to integrate DLT and related technologies into their enterprise stack. This will raise the stakes for interoperability across permissioned and public blockchains as well as legacy systems.

Enterprise blockchain’s impact on existing markets will only be one story. There will be even bigger headlines around the businesses and business models that are emerging as companies around the world start to tap into the potential of distributed and decentralized technologies. At Hyperledger Foundation, we are seeing increasing interest in a mix of our technologies as platforms for digital identity, CBDCs, tokenization (fungible and non-fungible), cross-border payments and more.”

Anton Bukov of 1inch Network

Anton is a co-founder of 1inch Network, a distributed network of decentralized protocols.

“In the past two years, we saw a huge expansion in spot market volume. I expect that the decentralized derivatives market will experience more attention from market makers and other professional players in 2022. Due to the lack of crypto assets and derivatives liquidity on traditional markets, there’s going to be an opportunity for DeFi to fill in the gap.”

Andre Neves of Zebedee

Andre is the chief technology officer at Zebedee, which enables programmable payments and small transactions to power economies for virtual worlds.

“Nonfungible tokens completely captured the public imagination in 2021 and spearheaded the rise of play-to-earn gaming, a massive economic force. I think 2022 will see the concept evolve in new ways as people start seeing more value in having open interoperability between platforms. It will lose a lot of its get-rich-quick narrative in favor of more sustainable concepts, with Bitcoin taking a much larger role.”

Alan Konevsky of PrimeBlock

Alan is the chief legal officer at PrimeBlock, a sustainable Bitcoin mining operation, infrastructure solutions provider and member of the Bitcoin Mining Council, with locations spread across North America.

“We’re going to see more countries adopting crypto as a legal currency. We’re also going to see central governments coming out and taking their own currencies and putting them on a blockchain. China has already said it is going to do this, which will speed up the real competition for private cryptocurrencies from a payment perspective. 

Central bank digital currencies do not present competition from a store of value or inflation protection perspective because it’s still the same fiat currency, subject to the same monetary policy manipulation by central banks. It’s certainly something that is fully digital, transparent, and has both good things and some very scary things that come with it. The hope is that, at least in the United States, the dialogues around CBDCs will happen alongside maintaining the values of our society in mind, including our own privacy and control.

How China versus the U.S. will run it will differ, so the dialogue needs to consciously ask the right questions. There’s a way to get carried away with technology that really ignores the fundamental, social, political, philosophical and legal impacts it could have on society. It’s an immensely powerful tool — I’m not understating or overstating it. The government has a lot of regulatory control of the payment, banking and monetary systems now by regulating important intermediaries like banks and other entities. This is going to be directly impacting us on a micro level.”

Introduction

I do not like to use the word “predictions” due its connotations that can lead to speculation. Instead, I prefer the word “expectations.” The year of 2020 taught us not to make any predictions for the future, but in order to be prepared for what is coming, we should instead expect some trends that will remain throughout this year, from enterprise blockchain and central bank digital currencies to blockchain gaming and crypto art. Which of these will define 2022? To gain some insight on the matter, I reached out to different experts from the crypto and blockchain industry, asking: “What lies ahead for crypto and blockchain in 2022? What are your personal expectations for next year?”



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Saturday, January 1, 2022

The year for Bitcoin — A 2021 roundup of the flagship crypto

2021 saw Bitcoin scale to unfathomable heights while witnessing some real lows at the same time. Here's a deep dive into how the year went for the flagship crypto.

While 2021 did provide some sort of respite for investors operating across the global crypto landscape, it was still largely been driven by fears that first reared their ugly heads back in 2020. From rising inflation rates to another wave of coronavirus-related outbreaks, the ground beneath everyone’s feet continued to move even without them knowing. 

For example, while everyone assumed that Bitcoin (BTC) would hit a price target of $100,000 quite easily — including many traditional financial institutions — by the turn of the new year, the flagship crypto continued to showcase a high degree of volatility despite having touched an all-time high of $69,000 earlier in November, and essentially just moved in a broad sideways channel for the past ten months.

That said, there have been a lot of developments — mostly positive but some negative as well — surrounding Bitcoin this year. In this piece, we will look to explore many of these themes and much more. So, without any further ado, let’s get straight into the heart of the matter.

Adoption gains momentum as El Salvador leads the roost

Known as the “Land of Volcanoes,” the Central American nation of El Salvador shocked everyone in 2021 by becoming the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, potentially paving the way for other countries to follow suit, especially those being faced with issues related to rampant inflation — looking at you, Turkey, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

And, even though the move hadn’t quite converted El Salvadorans into overnight BTC proponents, President Nayib Bukele has been quite strategic in his approach when it comes to overhauling his country’s economic woes. Citizens were given access to a Chivo crypto wallet while he has also vowed to address the internet connectivity issues that currently plague the country.

Lastly, El Salvador’s highly touted “Bitcoin Bond” — which makes use of a federated BTC sidechain to issue a legally viable monetary bond — is being viewed by many as an attractive money-making avenue since it offers users with a novel means of investing in the currency as well as providing them with a chance to obtain the county’s citizenship.

Bitcoin transactions garner momentum

The Lightning Network (LN) showcased a tremendous amount of growth over the course of 2021 with a growing amount of funds being poured into various LN channels — especially with more nodes popping up online, seemingly with each passing day.

Statistically speaking, there is more than 3,300 BTC locked across various public Lightning channels, at the time of writing, with more funds likely contained within other private/unannounced channel networks that are currently being operated between various exchanges.

In terms of improvements, the infrastructure of the Lightning Network underwent a number of major overhauls this past year (such as Amboss), improving the systems’ native node administrative capacity as well as retail customer UX for Lightning wallets. Looking ahead, LN’s BOLT-12 module promises to make recurring payments easier as well as enable other useful features such as donations via static QR codes.

Taproot makes its long-awaited debut

One of the biggest breakthroughs for the Bitcoin network since the SegWit overhaul of 2017 — a process by which the block size limit on asset’s blockchain was increased by removing signature data from transactions included in each block — was the activation of the Taproot upgrade.

Taproot is basically designed to help the flagship cryptocurrency’s community of backers and core developers gain access to better a “policy privacy” framework, allowing them to not reveal all of the possible ways through which they could potentially spend their BTC.

To be a bit more technical, the update enhances the efficacy of certain multisignature setups all while making individual transactions on the Lightning Network more secure and privacy-oriented.

That being said, in order for these advantages to truly see the light of day, a little more work may be needed, particularly on the MuSig2 — a simple and highly practical two-round multisignature scheme that makes transaction facilitation hassle-free for Bitcoiners — front as well as in relation to certain technical niches associated with Lightning Network-based client implementations and improved hardware wallet support functionality (meant solely for Taproot).

Mining disruption caused by China

A piece of news that had Bitcoiners, as well as crypto enthusiasts in general, a little shook this past calendar year was when China imposed an unequivocal blanket ban on its local crypto economy.

Even though the eastern powerhouse has issued many such prohibitions in the past, this time the threat was a lot more serious, as a large number of crypto mining firms had to relocate from the country’s borders in order to keep their operations alive — with many even having to close shop permanently.

Following the mass exodus that took place after the ban came into effect, Bitcoin’s hash rate dropped quite to record lows — sliding from around 180 exa-hashes per second (EH/s) to about 90 exa-hashes per second (EH/s) — only to make a swift recovery shortly thereafter. Much of the BTCs hash rate recovery was attributed to miners migrating to more hospitable parts of the world including the United States of America, Kazakhstan, Canada, Belarus, etc.

After the ban, the crypto market also witnessed a growth in the number of publicly-listed miners, showcasing the ability of these firms to tap into debt capital markets as well as scale dramatically thanks, in large part, to their ability to borrow massive sums of money against their natively mined crypto.

Infrastructure development surges

Bitcoin’s ever-growing community of backers continued to pour money into the digital asset’s technical development. In this regard, organizations such as Spiral, Blockstream and MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative doled out sizable funding as well as sponsorship grants to help Bitcoin Core devs based all across the globe.

Other organizations that also made sizable donations to help spur the growth of the Bitcoin ecosystem included Chaincode Labs, the Humans Rights Foundation and a cryptocurrency exchange BitMEX, whose grants were meant to help awardees carry forward their work in relation to improving the reliability of the Lightning Network’s payment system as well as improving the implementation of the Stratum v2 Bitcoin mining pool protocol.

Major mainstream companies add Bitcoin to their coffers

No story regarding Bitcoin’s recently concluded calendar year could be complete without mention of how some of the biggest investors in the world continued to load up on the flagship crypto. In this regard, 2021 started off with the Dogefather aka Tesla CEO Elon Musk investing a cool $1.5 billion in Bitcoin, making it one of the largest investments into the flagship crypto by a mainstream corporation.

For a brief window of time, Tesla even noted in an SEC filing that it was going to allow its clients to use BTC as a medium of payment for its various offerings — a decision that was eventually rescinded. As was to be expected, soon after Musk’s apparent backing of the digital asset became public knowledge, its price shot up to a then all-time high of $43,000 within a matter of minutes.

That said, the only man to outdo Musk with his Bitcoin purchases this year was Microstrategy CEO Michel Saylor whose maximalist attitude was reflected by his constant accrual of the premier cryptocurrency, both when it was hovering at its all-time highs as well as lowest levels. Numbers-wise, Microstrategy now lays claim to a whopping 124,391 BTC that were purchased for nearly $6 billion. Conservative estimates suggest that the firm has already accrued $2.1 worth of profits from its BTC investments.

Financial institutions join in the action

Soon after Musk made his foray into the world of Bitcoin, a number of other financial services giants such as Mastercard and U.S.-based lender Bank of New York Mellon proceeded to start offering their clients a wide range of crypto-related services spanning from custody to payments.

Similarly, U.S. Bank, America’s fifth-largest commercial financial entity, also revealed that it was offering its clients a fully functional crypto custody service, assisting them in storing their private keys for Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash (BCH) and Litecoin (LTC) with help from NYDIG. State Street and Northern Trust were among the other major U.S.-based financial institutions to disclose similar plans.

At the start of the year, Nasdaq-listed Marathon Patent Group went ahead with a $150 million purchase of Bitcoin as part of its reserves, a decision that was followed by social media juggernaut Twitter enabling a ‘crypto tipping’ option for its patrons. Not only that, but Jack Dorsey helmed payments provider Square also announced that it was going to be allocating 5% — estimated to be worth $170 million — of its assets to Bitcoin.

Lastly, a number of other firms including WeWork, AXA and Substack also announced their decision to start accepting payments in Bitcoin — a move that was aped by companies of a relatively smaller market cap across the globe.

Conversations surrounding Bitcoin’s environmental impact grew

Another major topic of contention surrounding Bitcoin last year was the currency’s environmental impact, with an increasing amount of studies revealing the digital currency’s massive annual power consumption.

To put things into perspective, a University of Cambridge analysis noted that Bitcoin utilized 707 kWh per transaction which works out to a whopping approximately 121.36 terawatt-hours a year. This energy has been touted to be more than the power needs of many major countries like Argentina, the Netherlands, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) among others.

In recent months, however, an increasing number of mining firms are transitioning toward the use of renewables. For example, MintGreen, a Canada-based cleantech cryptocurrency mining outfit recently signed a deal with Lonsdale Energy Corporation to supply heat generated from BTC mining to the residents of North Vancouver in British Columbia by the start of 2022.

Similarly, many other firms including CleanSpark and Bit Digital have transitioned toward a more environmentally conscious means of harvesting Bitcoin. In fact, a study recently released points to the fact that hydroelectric power is the most common source of energy for miners presently, with a little over 60% of all mining farms across the globe utilizing this renewable power medium to facilitate their day-to-day operations.

Global regulatory scrutiny increases greatly

China wasn’t the only country to formulate and initiate a comprehensive ban on Bitcoin this year with many other nations including Egypt, Algeria and Iraq also imposing blanket bans on crypto businesses operating within their borders. This could partially have been because, over the course of Q3, Q4 2021, more than a dozen public and private mining companies were able to accrue hundreds of millions of dollars, forcing regulators to start taking notice of this space like never before.

Monetarily speaking, the increased regulatory pressure was compounded by the fact that Bitcoin miners were able to generate over $15.3 billion in revenue, a number that represented a year-on-year increase of 206% when compared with 2020. This may have caused governments to start looking at ways in which to control this sector’s exponential growth.

In some countries like India, where cryptocurrencies seemed to have gained a strong foothold over the last few months, the government decided to start looking at ways of introducing new laws — namely the Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021 — seeking to prohibit “private cryptocurrencies,” a term whose definition that has yet to be made clear. That said, India is still keen on promoting the use of blockchain tech as well as certain other digital assets that can wholly fall under its regulatory purview.

Bitcoin ETF makes its debut on the NYSE

October 19, 2021 was hailed as a landmark date by crypto enthusiasts all over the globe, as it was the day when the world saw the debut of the world’s first Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

ProShares’ Bitcoin Strategy ETF became the world’s first U.S. exchange-traded fund based on Bitcoin futures to be approved by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), allowing investors across the board with a novel means of investing in the premier cryptocurrency.

As soon as the offering made its debut, it attracted a record amount of institutional capital. In fact, the demand was so monumental that soon after its launch, the CME Group — ProShares’ Bitcoin Strategy ETF’s parent issuer — had to file an application with the SEC asking the regulatory body to lift any restrictions pertaining to the maximum amount of contracts that one could buy in relation to the ETF.

Coinbase IPO

Another event that may not be associated primarily with Bitcoin but was representative of the currency’s growing market clout (as well as mainstream acceptance) was that of Coinbase’s initial public offering (IPO) that saw the cryptocurrency gain approval of the traditional finance market.

Coinbase’s IPO debut saw the stock open at a price point of $381, a number that was significantly higher than its pre-listing reference price of $250 — something that directly alluded to heightened institutional demand for the crypto-focused stock.

Looking ahead toward 2022

Moving into the new year, Bitcoiners all over the world are anxious to see how the future plays out for the market, especially with fears of inflation and economic instability looming large across the globe. That said, it appears as though the ecosystem surrounding the digital asset has continued to mature, with an increasing number of conferences and meetups all set to take place in 2022.

Related: NFTs find true utility with the advent of the Metaverse in 2021

Also, as an increasingly decentralized future looms closer, more people are beginning to realize the importance of securing their BTC — especially in the way they spend/receive their coins as well as facilitate their transactions in a private manner.



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What’s ahead for crypto and blockchain in 2022? Experts answer, Part 1

Here’s what industry insiders foresee in the development of the blockchain and crypto space in 2022.

Sandra Ro of Global Blockchain Business Council

Sandra is CEO of the Global Blockchain Business Council, an industry association for the blockchain technology ecosystem.

“​​In 2022, it will be ‘corporate career risk’ to not have a baseline understanding of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. From bankers to corporate executives to politicians, it is imperative that they get on board and seriously consider the implications of blockchain.

Further, 2022 winners will ‘expect the unexpected,’ and adapt to investing, servicing clients and participating in new trends.

In 2021, few expected NFTs to become the killer app, driving mainstream interest and adoption. Web3, the Metaverse and DAOs will enter mainstream curiosity in 2022.

The boring infrastructure stuff is critical. Crypto markets and the blockchain industry are experiencing explosive growth, but to scale, they need common terminology, standards and sound governance, including conflict resolution. 

The Global Blockchain Business Council will continue the Global Standards Mapping Initiative in 2022, mapping the regulatory, technical, academia and business states of cryptocurrencies and digital assets.

GSMI is the largest crowd-sourced, open-access crypto and blockchain research project. GSMI 2.0 content, released in November, was the result of eight months’ work from over 200 individuals and 131 institutions, including student researchers and veterans of government, industry, start-ups and regulation.

For 2022, I remain mindful to stick to the original vision of leveling the playing field for many, not a few.”

These quotes have been edited and condensed.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

Roger Ver of Bitcoin.com

Roger is an early Bitcoin adopter and investor. He is the executive chairman of Bitcoin.com, a site featuring cryptocurrency news in addition to an exchange and wallet service. He is also one of the five original founders of the Bitcoin Foundation.

“2022 seems likely to be the year Ether flips Bitcoin in market cap, and just about every other metric.  Many other coins will likely do the same in the coming years.”

Paolo Ardoino of Bitfinex

Paolo is the chief technology offier of Bitfinex, a digital asset trading platform offering state-of-the-art services for digital currency traders and global liquidity providers.

“Our space is so dynamic that it has always been difficult to anticipate what lies ahead. I wouldn’t try to second-guess what the next big thing will be. Still, I’m certain that the space will continue to evolve at a fast pace as so many innovative projects are poised to come to fruition. I do think that 2022 has the potential to be the year where real-life digital token payments at scale reach a certain point of critical mass. This includes payment processors such as the Lightning Network seeing an influx in network users while also being the catalyst for a grander vision of Bitcoin in terms of its payment capabilities.”

Lisa Edwards of Getting Started In Crypto

Lisa is an Elliott Wave specialist trader with over 20 years of experience in traditional stocks and commodities, now exclusively trading cryptocurrency. She runs and co-owns Getting Started In Crypto, Thousand To Millions, and The Moon Mag with Josh Taylor.

“I am looking forward to seeing Bitcoin at $100,000, it was my hope to see that last year, and I do think as supply decreases, demand will fill the gap and have BTC headed well over $100,000.”

Jane Thomason of Kasei Holdings

Jane is an entrepreneur and thought leader in technological innovation, fintech and blockchain for social impact. She is a chairperson of Kasei Holdings, an investment company specializing in the digital asset ecosystem.

“The growth in adoption will continue, and institutional investors will fuel the continued popularity  of stablecoins, which are seen as less risky. We will also continue to see rapid growth and innovation in emerging economies. Following the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, there will be a plethora of green blockchains and tokenizing carbon offsets and gamification to address climate issues. The adoption of DeFi and NFTs in GameFi has only just begun, and we will see incredible innovation in this space with community-owned economies and on-ramps to the Metaverse.

My personal expectations and hopes are that we continue providing a bridge from the new world to the old, and ensure that we don’t have rose-tinted glasses on in the excitement of creating  incredible innovation. We need to consider ethics and basic human needs as we hurtle along this ever-exponentiating trajectory.”

Donald Thibeau of the HBAR Foundation

Donald is a co-founder and chief strategy officer of the HBAR Foundation that helps the development of the Hedera ecosystem by providing grants and other resources to developers, startups and entrepreneurs.

“Brands, brands, brands. Creators, musicians, sports teams and consumer brands all see tokens and crypto as the mechanism to better engage and grow their communities of supporters. My expectation is that a critical mass of these brands will begin building and deploying tokenized experiences such that it becomes a default part of building any online or real-world community.”

Chris Kalani of Phantom Wallet

Chris is the chief product officer at Phantom Wallet, a Solana wallet built for DeFi and NFTs.

“We look forward to new cases being unlocked, gaming and payments. We think it will get easier to onboard people going forward. Speed and cost reduction are going to open the door for developing and emerging markets that we didn’t see in the first wave of the DeFi boom.

Layer ones and layer twos will lead to more experimentation from developers — one area that we’re seeing is with decentralized autonomous organizations.”

Ankitt Gaur of EasyFi Network

Ankitt is the CEO of EasyFi Network, a layer-two DeFi lending protocol for digital assets.

“This year is extremely crucial for cryptocurrency and could determine its future course. With thousands of innovative projects around the corner, blockchain technology could establish itself at the forefront of major operations in the world. Blockchain-based gaming is also expected to rise exponentially, with the play-to-earn model adding a monetary value to gameplay.

But, once again, it is DeFi’s lending protocols that could be the center of the action. These protocols create a capital flow and redistribute it efficiently, carrying the whole DeFi industry. With layer-two multichain lending protocols coming into the limelight, offering futuristic financial services on the blockchain could become a reality.”

Amanda Keleher of ConsenSys

Amanda is the chief people officer at ConsenSys, a global community of developers, businesspeople, programmers, journalists, lawyers and others, made to create and promote blockchain infrastructure and peer-to-peer applications.

“Addressing the challenges for women and minority groups working in the banking and fintech sectors, and examining the steps that must be taken to mitigate should be on top of our agenda. Narrowing the gap between the communities leading fintech adoption and their representation in the developer community that is building fintech ecosystems will be crucial to achieving more equitable outcomes for these participants, as well as more profitable businesses. 

We live in an era of accelerative transformation, and it is the responsibility of the crypto and blockchain sector to encourage a diversity of thought to proliferate within our companies, which is evidenced as the best way to foster innovation. With the current demographics skewed so heavily toward men and majority ethnic groups, it’s evident that there is plenty of work to do, and there are no easy fixes. However, even with a minority voice, the initiatives to encourage women and people of color toward careers and career growth in fintech will help to increase the profile of a more diverse contingent leadership and demonstrate that the sector can be inclusive.”

Ahmed Al-Balaghi of Biconomy

Ahmed is a co-founder of Biconomy, a developer platform that empowers blockchain developers to enable a simplified transaction and onboarding experience for their Web3 projects.

“Last year showed us that the future is multi-chain. Many DApps are going that route and those that aren’t are still looking for ways to tap into cross-chain liquidity. Currently, many cross-chain operability solutions cause fragmented workflows; there is an increasing need for infrastructure that delivers a single UI for users to interact with. This will allow DApps that need to move funds around in the backend to be able to do so with little to no impact on the user experience. Such workflows will become much more common, and end users won’t even need to know about blockchain technology to use it. 

In Web2, payments and transfers happen within the app with minimal clicks. For Web3 to reach mass adoption, cross-chain transfers must be in-DApp as well. This year will be the year of frictionless Web3 experiences that finally make it mainstream.”

Introduction

Here we are — 2022 has just landed! There’s no better time to ponder over what we can expect for the new year. 2021 opened the way for the creator economy by empowering independent musicians, artists, bloggers and other content creators that rely on digital technologies — and that economy is powered by decentralized technologies. People have been seeking alternative decentralized solutions, leading to the unprecedented rise of the decentralized finance sector, the emergence of DeFi 2.0, nonfungible tokens and Web3 development, all of which we witnessed this year. These trends will certainly remain central throughout this new year — but that’s just my opinion.

To gain more insight on the matter, I reached out to different experts from the crypto and blockchain industry, asking them: “What lies ahead for crypto and blockchain in 2022? What are your personal expectations for the year?”



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DAOs are the foundation of Web3, the creator economy and the future of work

DAOs are a defining construct for everything that comprises the new decentralized internet, or Web3, and the emerging crypto economic system.

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) started out as a simple concept envisioned as organizations, created by an idea and fueled by developers, that automate business functions and processes by leveraging smart contracts and all the fundamental tenets of blockchain. The core idea was to flatten the complex business process that various organizations are mired in and facilitate movement of assets to a very future-oriented digital interaction that needed no intermediaries — promising faster, cheaper and more transparent transaction processing. 

By replacing many intermediaries, the DAOs themselves acted as digital intermediaries that provide transparency and scale, giving them the stature of an organization without the traditional organizational constructs of entities, groups, management, charters and other forms of collective action. While the traditional centralized organizational structure is being challenged, the key organizational elements that remain are fueling a new economic revolution that is giving birth to a new creator economy and bringing artists, lawyers, developers and creators together from all around the globe to create ideas and monetize them at global scale in permissionless crypto economic systems built upon blockchain and Web3 technologies — and essentially defining the future of work.

Reduced dependence on trusted parties, tokenization of assets, and new stores of value enabled by blockchain technology can themselves enable new types of organizational structures and reduce the power of intermediaries. Ronald Coase's famous essay on the raison d'être for the firm, "The Nature of the Firm," explored why firms exist and what elements comprise them.

From a transaction cost perspective, the firm creates an economic structure where the transaction cost within its boundaries is reduced by greater control of standardized contracts with its employees and ownership of resources. As the cost of internalizing resources increases, contractual arrangements with other firms in specialized areas result. Transaction costs associated with contracting can be drastically reduced by the decentralized verification and smart contracts enabled by blockchain.

While this was the initial thesis behind DAOs, with speed, efficiency and costs bring primary objectives, DAOs now represent a significant piece of the mindshare governing and the primary driving force behind value extraction from the base layer, or layer one blockchain platforms. These layer one blockchain platforms represent the emerging Web3 technologies that aim to provide greater control to participants by fundamentally decentralizing computing, storing, and interconnecting. Many DAOs will emerge that represent the collaboration of a global talent pool, digital natives, and the ingenuity of a community that shares a common belief system — and bring the term “organization” to life.

Related: DAOs will be the future of online communities in five years

DAOs: Pillars of the creator economy

A broad definition of a DAO would be an organization that records its membership, rules and responsibilities on an immutable ledger enabled by blockchain technology. Its charter and evolution are public and unchangeable. Generally, joining requires resources and community membership of sorts, in the form of tokens, to either participate or vote as a participant. Tokens are denominated in monetary assets (fungible or nonfungible tokens), whether crypto or fiat. Acquisition of tokens, in most cases, requires either time and talent participation, or a buy-in using fiat or crypto.

DAOs provide a unique structure that naturally supports a creator economy, in which an economic model supports a structure through which you rent your talent and time, obtain flexibility and earnings, and leverage it to facilitate fractional ownership in the system supported and governed by the community. Blockchain and, by association, DAOs embody a natural governance structure for borderless online collaboration on crypto-native projects by digital natives which, incidentally, can be leveraged by traditional organizations that embrace the principles, similar to how brick-and-mortar businesses found an on-ramp to digital equivalents in the Web 2.0 era.

While the issues around regulatory clarity and a framework for investor protection persist, these digital entities embody a digital reality like that of a nation — the state attempts to attract talent, capital, and innovation. Although the governance and rules of engagement may not be perfect, they are an ongoing experiment with innovation aiming to change the way we live and empower every willing community’s participation. While the arguments for autonomy and collectivization are employed to defend the lack of regulation, the ability to purchase voting power and the lack of protection provide a strong counter to this argument. If DAOs become digital analogs to existing corporate and organizational structures, will they continue to serve as an avenue to, or promoter for, a creator economy and support Web3 principles?

Related: Bull or bear market, creators are diving headfirst into crypto

The future of work

Web3 as a technology paradigm aims to provide rails for creation, tokenization and movement of value and assets. The Web3 aim to solve content ownership and provide portability of digital assets by tokenizing them paves the way to trade this tokenized value for other fungible tokenized assets, thereby enabling creators to monetize their work effort. These work efforts may include (but are not limited to) mining and the creation of content, such as art, music, and other forms of nonfungible tokens, that represent a stake in an ecosystem, much like game tokens.

In a future where dynamic, borderless organizations without hierarchy can undertake much of the value creation, a supply of services is more conceivable with interconnected value networks, exchanges and bridges providing connectivity between these ecosystems. These decentralized exchanges or asset bridges not only provide an avenue to exchange various asset classes but also facilitate the global movement of assets, thereby creating truly global economies that attract digital natives and a talent pool.

The innovation driven by decentralized and transparent token economic models aims to deliver great end-user and employee experience, while ensuring that the organization reaps the cost savings and competitive benefits of superior participant experiences. DAOs involved with DeFi, NFTs, and various other Metaverse projects deliver just that, where a handful of developers or founders conceive initiatives and pursue decentralized development via platform projects or crowdsource development with token incentives and participants who are not only consumers, but also earn from their meaningful participation.

Related: DeFi and Web 3.0: Unleashing creative juices with decentralized finance

DAOs represent the emerging trend that is driving a deep, long-lasting transformation of the workplace that combines cultural, digital, and philosophical belief systems. This is attracting investment from other token projects and talent from digital natives from across the globe, thereby creating an experience for all participants that results in a more resilient and empowered workforce and more community participation.

This article was co-authored by Ananth Natrajan and Nitin Gaur.

This article does not contain investment advice or recommendations. Every investment and trading move involves risk, and readers should conduct their own research when making a decision.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

Ananth Natrajan has over 18 years of experience worldwide in several roles, including research and development, business acquisition, systems engineering, product development, construction management and project management. His startup is building cybereum, a blockchain based platform for collaboratively managing complex projects with multiple stakeholders. He holds BEng & MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering, an MBA from IESE, and an MSc in major programme management from the University of Oxford. He is a professional engineer (PE) and project management professional (PMP). He has led multi-disciplinary teams in several complex projects and technology/product development efforts. Ananth has several patents in offshore wind turbines and blockchain technology.
Nitin Gaur is the founder and director of IBM Digital Asset Labs, where he devises industry standards and use cases, and works toward making blockchain for the enterprise a reality. He previously served as chief technology officer of IBM World Wire and of IBM Mobile Payments and Enterprise Mobile Solutions, and he founded IBM Blockchain Labs, where he led the effort in establishing the blockchain practice for the enterprise. Gaur is also an IBM-distinguished engineer and an IBM master inventor with a rich patent portfolio. Additionally, he serves as research and portfolio manager for Portal Asset Management, a multi-manager fund specializing in digital assets and DeFi investment strategies.


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How the Democratic Party didn’t stop worrying and fearing crypto in 2021

In 2021, mainstream U.S. Democrats’ stance on crypto has tipped towards skepticism and preference for tighter regulation.

As 2022 is kicking off, America nears the first anniversary of Joe Biden’s presidency. Following the tenure’s ambitious start, the last few months witnessed some serious tumult around the overall health of the United States economy, the administration’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the tense debate around Biden’s opus magnum — the $1.7 trillion Build Back Better infrastructure legislation plan.

But even as the Democrats’ ability to maintain undivided power after the 2022 midterm elections can raise doubts, the party’s prevailing view of crypto has become more consolidated than ever. The incumbent president’s party will be setting the tone of the regulatory discussion for at least three more years, so a thorough look at the fundamental premises and potential directions of its emerging crypto stance is in order.

The narrative arc

The path that mainstream Democrat thinking on crypto has traveled over the last three years is perfectly captured by an anecdote featuring two crypto-related public statements made by a Clinton. One is by the 42nd U.S. president, Bill Clinton, then 72, who said at Ripple’s Swell Conference in October 2018 that the "permutations and possibilities" of blockchain were "staggeringly great”

Three years later, speaking at the Bloomberg New Economy Forum in Singapore, Bill’s wife and ex-presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, though calling the cryptocurrencies an “interesting” technology, warned about their power to undermine the U.S. dollar and destabilize nations — “perhaps starting with small ones but going much larger.”

This startling difference in opinion within the power couple reflects the recent evolution of the Democratic party, itself — from a “third way,” business, tech and finance-friendly centrism of its 1990’s generation to the newfound statism with a heavy emphasis on redistributional justice and big government projects. By current standards, the former first lady sounded rather balanced in comparison to her party comrade Senator Elizabeth Warren, who has famously lashed out at the crypto market after the volatility outburst in early September:

Advocates say crypto markets are all about financial inclusion, but the people who are most economically vulnerable are the ones who are most likely to have to withdraw their money the fastest when the market drops. [...] High, unpredictable fees can make crypto trading really dangerous for people who aren’t rich.

Warren berated crypto on numerous occasions, calling it a “fourth-rate alternative to real currency” that is “unsuitable as a medium of exchange;” a “lousy investment,” that “has no consumer protection;” and a tool that makes many illegal activities easier.

Beyond Senator Warren

The negative sentiment is largely shared by Senator Sherrod Brown, which is arguably even more unsettling given his status as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Brown’s opening statements at Congress hearings have never been amicable towards crypto. Their overall spirit can be summarized in the introduction that opened the July hearing entitled “Cryptocurrencies: What are they good for?”

All of these currencies have one thing in common — they’re not real dollars, they’re not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. [...] And that means they all put Americans’ hard-earned money at risk.

Brown blamed the “cottage industry of decentralized financial schemes” for an attempt to create “a parallel financial system with no rules, no oversight, and no limits,” calling it “a shady, diffuse network of online funny money,” with nothing democratic or transparent about it. The lawmaker repeatedly rejected the notion that crypto could be an alternative to legacy money — last time at a December Congress hearing:

Stablecoins and crypto markets aren’t actually an alternative to our banking system. [...] They’re a mirror of the same broken system – with even less accountability, and no rules at all.

It’s not all dark, though. One figure that represents a more moderate, if not pragmatic approach to crypto — Congresswoman Maxime Waters — would also play a major role in any future outcome for the industry. As a chairwoman of the House Committee on Financial Services, she initiated the Digital Assets Working Group of Democratic Members with a mission to ensure responsible innovation in the cryptocurrency and digital asset space and “meet with leading regulators, advocates, and other experts on how these novel products and services are reshaping our financial system.”

Related: Lines in the sand: US Congress is bringing partisan politics to crypto

Sen. Waters has publicly recognized that “Americans are increasingly making financial decisions using digital assets every day,” and affirmed that her Committee will explore “the promise of digital assets in providing faster payments, instantaneous settlements and lower transaction fees for remittances.”

What’s it all about?

The good news is that underneath the redoubtable oratory, there is a keyword: regulation. It is clear, at this point, that a China-style total war on crypto isn’t an option in the U.S. Therefore, what drives the heated activity of congressional committees and federal agencies in recent months is a clear intention of the Democratic establishment to sort out the rules of the game before the next presidential election.

Part of this effort of the Biden administration is the launch of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets, a superhero team composed of the SEC, CFTC, OCC, FDIC and Federal Reserve System executives, with the secretary of the Treasury Department leading the group.

So far, the key product of the Working Group is a 26-page report on stablecoins, which advises Congress to designate some stablecoin-related activities — such as payment, clearing and settlement — as “systemically important” (which would inevitably lead to a tighter oversight) and limit stablecoin issuance to insured depository institutions, i.e., banks.

As in the pre-Biden era, the main problem lies with the core classification of digital assets. The PWG report failed to propose a novel interpretation and give precedence to a single regulatory body, thus perpetuating a situation where a variety of regulators oversee different types of crypto-related activity.

In October, Rostin Behnam, the chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and a member of the Democratic Party, claimed that as much as 60% of digital assets can be classified as commodities, which amounts to proposing that the agency become the lead U.S. cryptocurrency regulator. He also further stated that his agency, as well as the Securities and Exchange Commission, would likely need “a regulatory structure for both securities and commodities.” How exactly that would help the ongoing patchwork approach to regulation is still a mystery.

The Democratic cause

There are several reasons to believe that the largely proclamatory activity of 2021 will be followed up by some real action in the following year. The first is the general idealistic mindset of U.S. Democrats. For example, the drive to aggressively regulate Big Tech is part and parcel of this mindset.

While President Barack Obama and some regulators worked alongside Google and Twitter to facilitate the growth of internet businesses, Joe Biden’s administration came to power amid the wave of popular anxiety over international cyberattacks, personal data leaks, Meta’s crisis mismanagement and the overall outsize influence on the political process accumulated by tech goliaths.

While Meta and Google have been fighting federal and state regulators in courts over allegations of anticompetitive conduct for a while, Biden’s team also pledged to hold tech companies to account for toxic speech they host and strengthen policing anti-competitive practices.

However, in 2021, we haven’t witnessed any significant policy steps in this direction. Neither of the two major legislative proposals — Amy Klobuchar’s bill, which ​​would bar big tech platforms from favoring their own products and services, and a bill by House Democrats that seeks to remove some protections afforded tech companies by Section 230 of the Communication Decency Act — has become law.

The second reason behind the Democratic rush to put crypto within the regulatory perimeter is pragmatic: The Biden administration and its allies on Capitol Hill need money. Biden’s first-term agenda relies heavily on ambitious Roosveltian infrastructure projects. While the $1.2 trillion Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act managed to get bipartisan support and was signed into law on November 5, the Build Back Better Act, which now hangs by a thread after Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin had announced his opposition to the current draft, would cost nearly $2 trillion.

By some estimates, should it make it to the president’s desk, the spending program would increase the deficit by $360 billion over 10 years, making it urgent to raise more tax revenue. This is what makes a thriving crypto industry an important battlefield for Democrats, who see the possibility of harvesting some cash from it and an urgency to prevent tax evasion via digital tools.

What’s next?

There’s no doubt that the Biden administration will continue to pursue a strict regulatory agenda in 2022. We will see more Congressional hearings next year, but even more consequential negotiations will be taking place behind closed doors, where Democrats will have to finally decide whether the SEC, CFTC or any other body should dominate crypto oversight. Despite Sharrod Brown’s recent “with or without Congress” remarks, it is also hard to believe that Republicans will let their opponents single-handedly decide the fate of the industry.



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